diff --git a/src/cs_state.cc b/src/cs_state.cc
index 93dc0a1..63a61aa 100644
--- a/src/cs_state.cc
+++ b/src/cs_state.cc
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "cs_state.hh"
 #include "cs_thread.hh"
 #include "cs_strman.hh"
-#include "cs_vm.hh" // break/continue, call_with_args
+#include "cs_vm.hh"
 #include "cs_parser.hh"
 #include "cs_error.hh"
 
@@ -179,9 +179,7 @@ state::state(alloc_func func, void *data) {
     static_cast<command_impl *>(p)->p_type = ID_DO;
 
     p = &new_command("doargs", "b", [](auto &cs, auto args, auto &res) {
-        call_with_args(*cs.p_tstate, [&cs, &res, &args]() {
-            res = args[0].get_code().call(cs);
-        });
+        res = exec_code_with_args(*cs.p_tstate, args[0].get_code());
     });
     static_cast<command_impl *>(p)->p_type = ID_DOARGS;
 
diff --git a/src/cs_vm.cc b/src/cs_vm.cc
index ce32e7b..2a49e90 100644
--- a/src/cs_vm.cc
+++ b/src/cs_vm.cc
@@ -216,6 +216,62 @@ bool exec_alias(
     return true;
 }
 
+any_value exec_code_with_args(thread_state &ts, bcode_ref const &body) {
+    if (!ts.callstack) {
+        return body.call(*ts.pstate);
+    }
+    auto mask = ts.callstack->usedargs;
+    std::size_t noff = ts.idstack.size();
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; mask.any(); ++i) {
+        if (mask[0]) {
+            auto &ast = ts.get_astack(
+                static_cast<alias *>(ts.istate->identmap[i])
+            );
+            auto &st = ts.idstack.emplace_back();
+            st.next = ast.node;
+            ast.node = ast.node->next;
+        }
+        mask >>= 1;
+    }
+    ident_link *prevstack = ts.callstack->next;
+    ident_link aliaslink = {
+        ts.callstack->id, ts.callstack,
+        prevstack ? prevstack->usedargs : argset{}
+    };
+    if (!prevstack) {
+        aliaslink.usedargs.set();
+    }
+    ts.callstack = &aliaslink;
+    auto cleanup = [](
+        auto &tss, ident_link *pstack, ident_link &alink, std::size_t offn
+    ) {
+        if (pstack) {
+            pstack->usedargs = alink.usedargs;
+        }
+        tss.callstack = alink.next;
+        auto mask2 = tss.callstack->usedargs;
+        for (std::size_t i = 0, nredo = 0; mask2.any(); ++i) {
+            if (mask2[0]) {
+                tss.get_astack(
+                    static_cast<alias *>(tss.istate->identmap[i])
+                ).node = tss.idstack[offn + nredo++].next;
+            }
+            mask2 >>= 1;
+        }
+    };
+    any_value ret;
+    try {
+        ret = body.call(*ts.pstate);
+    } catch (...) {
+        cleanup(ts, prevstack, aliaslink, noff);
+        ts.idstack.resize(noff);
+        throw;
+    }
+    cleanup(ts, prevstack, aliaslink, noff);
+    ts.idstack.resize(noff);
+    return ret;
+}
+
 static inline alias *get_lookup_id(
     thread_state &ts, std::uint32_t op, alias_stack *&ast
 ) {
@@ -412,16 +468,13 @@ std::uint32_t *vm_exec(
                 return code;
             }
 
-            case BC_INST_DO_ARGS:
-                call_with_args(ts, [](
-                    auto &css, std::uint32_t inst, auto &av, any_value &ret
-                ) {
-                    auto v = std::move(av.back());
-                    av.pop_back();
-                    ret = v.get_code().call(css);
-                    force_arg(css, ret, inst & BC_INST_RET_MASK);
-                }, cs, op, args, result);
+            case BC_INST_DO_ARGS: {
+                auto v = std::move(args.back());
+                args.pop_back();
+                result = exec_code_with_args(ts, v.get_code());
+                force_arg(cs, result, op & BC_INST_RET_MASK);
                 continue;
+            }
 
             case BC_INST_DO: {
                 auto v = std::move(args.back());
diff --git a/src/cs_vm.hh b/src/cs_vm.hh
index 690fa4b..2d763cd 100644
--- a/src/cs_vm.hh
+++ b/src/cs_vm.hh
@@ -17,62 +17,6 @@ struct break_exception {
 struct continue_exception {
 };
 
-template<typename F, typename ...A>
-static void call_with_args(thread_state &ts, F body, A &&...args) {
-    if (!ts.callstack) {
-        body(std::forward<A>(args)...);
-        return;
-    }
-    auto mask = ts.callstack->usedargs;
-    std::size_t noff = ts.idstack.size();
-    for (std::size_t i = 0; mask.any(); ++i) {
-        if (mask[0]) {
-            auto &ast = ts.get_astack(
-                static_cast<alias *>(ts.istate->identmap[i])
-            );
-            auto &st = ts.idstack.emplace_back();
-            st.next = ast.node;
-            ast.node = ast.node->next;
-        }
-        mask >>= 1;
-    }
-    ident_link *prevstack = ts.callstack->next;
-    ident_link aliaslink = {
-        ts.callstack->id, ts.callstack,
-        prevstack ? prevstack->usedargs : argset{}
-    };
-    if (!prevstack) {
-        aliaslink.usedargs.set();
-    }
-    ts.callstack = &aliaslink;
-    auto cleanup = [](
-        auto &tss, ident_link *pstack, ident_link &alink, std::size_t offn
-    ) {
-        if (pstack) {
-            pstack->usedargs = alink.usedargs;
-        }
-        tss.callstack = alink.next;
-        auto mask2 = tss.callstack->usedargs;
-        for (std::size_t i = 0, nredo = 0; mask2.any(); ++i) {
-            if (mask2[0]) {
-                tss.get_astack(
-                    static_cast<alias *>(tss.istate->identmap[i])
-                ).node = tss.idstack[offn + nredo++].next;
-            }
-            mask2 >>= 1;
-        }
-    };
-    try {
-        body(std::forward<A>(args)...);
-    } catch (...) {
-        cleanup(ts, prevstack, aliaslink, noff);
-        ts.idstack.resize(noff);
-        throw;
-    }
-    cleanup(ts, prevstack, aliaslink, noff);
-    ts.idstack.resize(noff);
-}
-
 void exec_command(
     thread_state &ts, command_impl *id, ident *self, any_value *args,
     any_value &res, std::size_t nargs, bool lookup = false
@@ -84,6 +28,8 @@ bool exec_alias(
     std::size_t skip, std::uint32_t op, bool ncheck = false
 );
 
+any_value exec_code_with_args(thread_state &ts, bcode_ref const &body);
+
 std::uint32_t *vm_exec(
     thread_state &ts, std::uint32_t *code, any_value &result
 );