diff --git a/include/cubescript/cubescript.hh b/include/cubescript/cubescript.hh
index 319eb9a..4794469 100644
--- a/include/cubescript/cubescript.hh
+++ b/include/cubescript/cubescript.hh
@@ -318,8 +318,6 @@ enum class loop_state {
     NORMAL = 0, BREAK, CONTINUE
 };
 
-struct thread_state;
-
 struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT state {
     state();
     state(alloc_func func, void *data);
@@ -419,15 +417,9 @@ struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT state {
 
     std::optional<string_ref> get_alias_val(std::string_view name);
 
-    thread_state *thread_pointer() {
-        return p_tstate;
-    }
-
-    thread_state const *thread_pointer() const {
-        return p_tstate;
-    }
-
 private:
+    friend struct state_p;
+
     hook_func set_call_hook(hook_func func);
 
     command *new_command(
@@ -444,7 +436,7 @@ private:
 
     void *alloc(void *ptr, size_t olds, size_t news);
 
-    thread_state *p_tstate = nullptr;
+    struct thread_state *p_tstate = nullptr;
 };
 
 struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state {
@@ -455,7 +447,7 @@ struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state {
     };
 
     stack_state() = delete;
-    stack_state(thread_state &ts, node *nd = nullptr, bool gap = false);
+    stack_state(state &cs, node *nd = nullptr, bool gap = false);
     stack_state(stack_state const &) = delete;
     stack_state(stack_state &&st);
     ~stack_state();
@@ -467,7 +459,7 @@ struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state {
     bool gap() const;
 
 private:
-    thread_state &p_state;
+    state &p_state;
     node *p_node;
     bool p_gap;
 };
@@ -494,31 +486,26 @@ struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT error {
         return p_stack;
     }
 
-    template<typename ...A>
-    error(state &cs, std::string_view msg, A const &...args):
-        error{*cs.thread_pointer(), msg, args...}
-    {}
-
-    error(thread_state &ts, std::string_view msg):
-        p_errbeg{}, p_errend{}, p_stack{ts}
+    error(state &cs, std::string_view msg):
+        p_errbeg{}, p_errend{}, p_stack{cs}
     {
         char *sp;
-        char *buf = request_buf(ts, msg.size(), sp);
+        char *buf = request_buf(cs, msg.size(), sp);
         std::memcpy(buf, msg.data(), msg.size());
         buf[msg.size()] = '\0';
         p_errbeg = sp;
         p_errend = buf + msg.size();
-        p_stack = save_stack(ts);
+        p_stack = save_stack(cs);
     }
 
     template<typename ...A>
-    error(thread_state &ts, std::string_view msg, A const &...args):
-        p_errbeg{}, p_errend{}, p_stack{ts}
+    error(state &cs, std::string_view msg, A const &...args):
+        p_errbeg{}, p_errend{}, p_stack{cs}
     {
         std::size_t sz = msg.size() + 64;
         char *buf, *sp;
         for (;;) {
-            buf = request_buf(ts, sz, sp);
+            buf = request_buf(cs, sz, sp);
             int written = std::snprintf(buf, sz, msg.data(), args...);
             if (written <= 0) {
                 throw internal_error{"format error"};
@@ -529,12 +516,12 @@ struct LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT error {
         }
         p_errbeg = sp;
         p_errend = buf + sz;
-        p_stack = save_stack(ts);
+        p_stack = save_stack(cs);
     }
 
 private:
-    stack_state save_stack(thread_state &ts);
-    char *request_buf(thread_state &ts, std::size_t bufs, char *&sp);
+    stack_state save_stack(state &cs);
+    char *request_buf(state &cs, std::size_t bufs, char *&sp);
 
     char const *p_errbeg, *p_errend;
     stack_state p_stack;
diff --git a/src/cs_error.cc b/src/cs_error.cc
index 05e2396..3149e3e 100644
--- a/src/cs_error.cc
+++ b/src/cs_error.cc
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@
 namespace cubescript {
 
 LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state::stack_state(
-    thread_state &ts, node *nd, bool gap
+    state &cs, node *nd, bool gap
 ):
-    p_state{ts}, p_node{nd}, p_gap{gap}
+    p_state{cs}, p_node{nd}, p_gap{gap}
 {}
 
 LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state::stack_state(stack_state &&st):
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state::~stack_state() {
     for (node const *nd = p_node; nd; nd = nd->next) {
         ++len;
     }
-    p_state.istate->destroy_array(p_node, len);
+    state_p{p_state}.ts().istate->destroy_array(p_node, len);
 }
 
 LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state &stack_state::operator=(stack_state &&st) {
@@ -45,8 +45,9 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT bool stack_state::gap() const {
 }
 
 LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT char *error::request_buf(
-    thread_state &ts, std::size_t bufs, char *&sp
+    state &cs, std::size_t bufs, char *&sp
 ) {
+    auto &ts = state_p{cs}.ts();
     charbuf &cb = ts.errbuf;
     codegen_state *gs = ts.cstate;
     cb.clear();
@@ -83,20 +84,21 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT char *error::request_buf(
     return &cb[sz];
 }
 
-LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state error::save_stack(thread_state &ts) {
+LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state error::save_stack(state &cs) {
+    auto &ts = state_p{cs}.ts();
     integer_var *dalias = ts.istate->ivar_dbgalias;
     auto dval = std::clamp(
         dalias->get_value(), integer_type(0), integer_type(1000)
     );
     if (!dval) {
-        return stack_state{ts, nullptr, !!ts.callstack};
+        return stack_state{cs, nullptr, !!ts.callstack};
     }
     int total = 0, depth = 0;
     for (ident_link *l = ts.callstack; l; l = l->next) {
         total++;
     }
     if (!total) {
-        return stack_state{ts, nullptr, false};
+        return stack_state{cs, nullptr, false};
     }
     stack_state::node *st = ts.istate->create_array<stack_state::node>(
         std::min(total, dval)
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT stack_state error::save_stack(thread_state &ts) {
             nd->next = nullptr;
         }
     }
-    return stack_state{ts, ret, total > dval};
+    return stack_state{cs, ret, total > dval};
 }
 
 } /* namespace cubescript */
diff --git a/src/cs_gen.cc b/src/cs_gen.cc
index 3726a92..1ee9623 100644
--- a/src/cs_gen.cc
+++ b/src/cs_gen.cc
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ void codegen_state::skip_comments() {
         if (current() == '\\') {
             char c = current(1);
             if ((c != '\r') && (c != '\n')) {
-                throw error{ts, "invalid line break"};
+                throw error{*ts.pstate, "invalid line break"};
             }
             /* skip backslash */
             next_char();
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ static void compileblockmain(codegen_state &gs, int wordtype) {
     for (int brak = 1; brak;) {
         switch (gs.skip_until("@\"/[]")) {
             case '\0':
-                throw error{gs.ts, "missing \"]\""};
+                throw error{*gs.ts.pstate, "missing \"]\""};
                 return;
             case '\"':
                 gs.get_str();
@@ -580,7 +580,7 @@ static void compileblockmain(codegen_state &gs, int wordtype) {
                 if (brak > level) {
                     continue;
                 } else if (brak < level) {
-                    throw error{gs.ts, "too many @s"};
+                    throw error{*gs.ts.pstate, "too many @s"};
                     return;
                 }
                 if (compileblockstr(gs, start, esc)) {
@@ -1362,7 +1362,7 @@ endstatement:
         switch (gs.skip_until(")];/\n")) {
             case '\0':
                 if (gs.current() != brak) {
-                    throw error{gs.ts, "missing \"%c\"", char(brak)};
+                    throw error{*gs.ts.pstate, "missing \"%c\"", char(brak)};
                     return;
                 }
                 return;
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ endstatement:
                     gs.next_char();
                     return;
                 }
-                throw error{gs.ts, "unexpected \"%c\"", gs.current()};
+                throw error{*gs.ts.pstate, "unexpected \"%c\"", gs.current()};
                 return;
             case '/':
                 gs.next_char();
diff --git a/src/cs_ident.cc b/src/cs_ident.cc
index df36e55..bbc0e12 100644
--- a/src/cs_ident.cc
+++ b/src/cs_ident.cc
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT bool ident::is_overridden(state &cs) const {
         case ident_type::SVAR:
             return (p_impl->p_flags & IDENT_FLAG_OVERRIDDEN);
         case ident_type::ALIAS:
-            return (cs.thread_pointer()->get_astack(
+            return (state_p{cs}.ts().get_astack(
                 static_cast<alias const *>(this)
             ).flags & IDENT_FLAG_OVERRIDDEN);
         default:
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT bool ident::is_persistent(state &cs) const {
         case ident_type::SVAR:
             return (p_impl->p_flags & IDENT_FLAG_PERSIST);
         case ident_type::ALIAS:
-            return (cs.thread_pointer()->get_astack(
+            return (state_p{cs}.ts().get_astack(
                 static_cast<alias const *>(this)
             ).flags & IDENT_FLAG_PERSIST);
         default:
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT var_type global_var::get_variable_type() const {
 }
 
 LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT void global_var::save(state &cs) {
-    auto &ts = *cs.thread_pointer();
+    auto &ts = state_p{cs}.ts();
     if ((ts.ident_flags & IDENT_FLAG_OVERRIDDEN) || is_overridable()) {
         if (p_impl->p_flags & IDENT_FLAG_PERSIST) {
             throw error{
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT void integer_var::set_value(
     save(cs);
     set_raw_value(val);
     if (trigger) {
-        var_changed(*cs.thread_pointer(), this);
+        var_changed(state_p{cs}.ts(), this);
     }
 }
 
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT void float_var::set_value(
     save(cs);
     set_raw_value(val);
     if (trigger) {
-        var_changed(*cs.thread_pointer(), this);
+        var_changed(state_p{cs}.ts(), this);
     }
 }
 
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT void string_var::set_value(
     save(cs);
     set_raw_value(std::move(val));
     if (trigger) {
-        var_changed(*cs.thread_pointer(), this);
+        var_changed(state_p{cs}.ts(), this);
     }
 }
 
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT alias_local::alias_local(state &cs, ident *a) {
         p_alias = nullptr;
         return;
     }
-    auto &ts = *cs.thread_pointer();
+    auto &ts = state_p{cs}.ts();
     p_alias = static_cast<alias *>(a);
     auto &ast = ts.get_astack(p_alias);
     ast.push(ts.idstack.emplace_back(cs));
diff --git a/src/cs_state.cc b/src/cs_state.cc
index 6ae2f0e..0b69cb9 100644
--- a/src/cs_state.cc
+++ b/src/cs_state.cc
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ state::state(alloc_func func, void *data) {
     static_cast<command_impl *>(p)->p_type = ID_DO;
 
     p = new_command("doargs", "e", [](auto &cs, auto args, auto &res) {
-        call_with_args(*cs.thread_pointer(), [&cs, &res, &args]() {
+        call_with_args(*cs.p_tstate, [&cs, &res, &args]() {
             cs.run(args[0].get_code(), res);
         });
     });
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ state::state(alloc_func func, void *data) {
     static_cast<command_impl *>(p)->p_type = ID_LOCAL;
 
     p = new_command("break", "", [](auto &cs, auto, auto &) {
-        if (cs.thread_pointer()->loop_level) {
+        if (cs.p_tstate->loop_level) {
             throw break_exception{};
         } else {
             throw error{cs, "no loop to break"};
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ state::state(alloc_func func, void *data) {
     static_cast<command_impl *>(p)->p_type = ID_BREAK;
 
     p = new_command("continue", "", [](auto &cs, auto, auto &) {
-        if (cs.thread_pointer()->loop_level) {
+        if (cs.p_tstate->loop_level) {
             throw continue_exception{};
         } else {
             throw error{cs, "no loop to continue"};
diff --git a/src/cs_state.hh b/src/cs_state.hh
index 13195d1..07a44b9 100644
--- a/src/cs_state.hh
+++ b/src/cs_state.hh
@@ -103,6 +103,14 @@ struct internal_state {
     }
 };
 
+struct state_p {
+    state_p(state &cs): csp{&cs} {}
+
+    thread_state &ts() { return *csp->p_tstate; }
+
+    state *csp;
+};
+
 template<typename T>
 inline std_allocator<T>::std_allocator(internal_state *s): istate{s} {}
 
diff --git a/src/cs_std.cc b/src/cs_std.cc
index 0428503..71a5663 100644
--- a/src/cs_std.cc
+++ b/src/cs_std.cc
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 namespace cubescript {
 
-charbuf::charbuf(state &cs): charbuf{cs.thread_pointer()->istate} {}
+charbuf::charbuf(state &cs): charbuf{state_p{cs}.ts().istate} {}
 charbuf::charbuf(thread_state &ts): charbuf{ts.istate} {}
 
 } /* namespace cubescript */
diff --git a/src/cs_strman.cc b/src/cs_strman.cc
index d6c9c3a..2655844 100644
--- a/src/cs_strman.cc
+++ b/src/cs_strman.cc
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT string_ref::string_ref(
 }
 
 LIBCUBESCRIPT_EXPORT string_ref::string_ref(state &cs, std::string_view str):
-    p_state{cs.thread_pointer()->istate}
+    p_state{state_p{cs}.ts().istate}
 {
     p_str = p_state->strman->add(str);
 }
diff --git a/src/cs_val.cc b/src/cs_val.cc
index ab28ccd..077581d 100644
--- a/src/cs_val.cc
+++ b/src/cs_val.cc
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ static inline void csv_cleanup(value_type tv, T *stor) {
     }
 }
 
-any_value::any_value(state &st): any_value(*st.thread_pointer()->istate) {}
+any_value::any_value(state &st): any_value(*state_p{st}.ts().istate) {}
 
 any_value::any_value(internal_state &st):
     p_stor(), p_type(value_type::NONE)
@@ -258,11 +258,11 @@ bcode_ref any_value::force_code(state &cs) {
         default:
             break;
     }
-    codegen_state gs{*cs.thread_pointer()};
+    codegen_state gs{state_p{cs}.ts()};
     gs.code.reserve(64);
     gs.gen_main(get_str());
     gs.done();
-    uint32_t *cbuf = bcode_alloc(cs.thread_pointer()->istate, gs.code.size());
+    uint32_t *cbuf = bcode_alloc(state_p{cs}.ts().istate, gs.code.size());
     std::memcpy(cbuf, gs.code.data(), gs.code.size() * sizeof(std::uint32_t));
     auto *bc = reinterpret_cast<bcode *>(cbuf + 1);
     set_code(bc);
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ ident *any_value::force_ident(state &cs) {
         default:
             break;
     }
-    auto *id = cs.thread_pointer()->istate->new_ident(
+    auto *id = state_p{cs}.ts().istate->new_ident(
         cs, get_str(), IDENT_FLAG_UNKNOWN
     );
     set_ident(id);
diff --git a/src/cs_vm.cc b/src/cs_vm.cc
index 4c4bbef..48f380e 100644
--- a/src/cs_vm.cc
+++ b/src/cs_vm.cc
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ bool exec_alias(
 
 run_depth_guard::run_depth_guard(thread_state &ts): tsp(&ts) {
     if (ts.max_run_depth && (ts.run_depth >= ts.max_run_depth)) {
-        throw error{ts, "exceeded recursion limit"};
+        throw error{*ts.pstate, "exceeded recursion limit"};
     }
     ++ts.run_depth;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib_base.cc b/src/lib_base.cc
index c26e3ef..74a0bd3 100644
--- a/src/lib_base.cc
+++ b/src/lib_base.cc
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ void init_lib_base(state &gcs) {
             rc = false;
         }
         ret.set_int(rc);
-        auto &ts = *cs.thread_pointer();
+        auto &ts = state_p{cs}.ts();
         ts.get_astack(cret).set_alias(cret, ts, result);
         ts.get_astack(css).set_alias(css, ts, tback);
     });
diff --git a/src/lib_list.cc b/src/lib_list.cc
index b4f2d98..7e474cf 100644
--- a/src/lib_list.cc
+++ b/src/lib_list.cc
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ static void list_sort(
         return;
     }
 
-    valbuf<ListSortItem> items{cs.thread_pointer()->istate};
+    valbuf<ListSortItem> items{state_p{cs}.ts().istate};
     size_t total = 0;
 
     for (list_parser p{cs, list}; p.parse();) {
diff --git a/src/lib_str.cc b/src/lib_str.cc
index d325e69..8357606 100644
--- a/src/lib_str.cc
+++ b/src/lib_str.cc
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ void init_lib_string(state &cs) {
 
     cs.new_command("strlower", "s", [](auto &ccs, auto args, auto &res) {
         auto inps = std::string_view{args[0].get_str()};
-        auto *ics = ccs.thread_pointer()->istate;
+        auto *ics = state_p{ccs}.ts().istate;
         auto *buf = ics->strman->alloc_buf(inps.size());
         for (std::size_t i = 0; i < inps.size(); ++i) {
             buf[i] = char(tolower(inps[i]));
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ void init_lib_string(state &cs) {
 
     cs.new_command("strupper", "s", [](auto &ccs, auto args, auto &res) {
         auto inps = std::string_view{args[0].get_str()};
-        auto *ics = ccs.thread_pointer()->istate;
+        auto *ics = state_p{ccs}.ts().istate;
         auto *buf = ics->strman->alloc_buf(inps.size());
         for (std::size_t i = 0; i < inps.size(); ++i) {
             buf[i] = char(toupper(inps[i]));