diff --git a/build.cc b/build.cc
index 0efe88a..445fcc7 100644
--- a/build.cc
+++ b/build.cc
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ static fs::path OSTD_SHARED_LIB = "libostd.so";
 static fs::path OSTD_STATIC_LIB = "libostd.a";
 
 static std::string DEFAULT_CXXFLAGS = "-std=c++1z -I. -O2 -Wall -Wextra "
-                                      "-Wshadow -Wold-style-cast -fPIC ";
-                                      "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64"
+                                      "-Wshadow -Wold-style-cast -fPIC "
+                                      "-D_FILE_OFFSET_BITS=64";
 static std::string DEFAULT_LDFLAGS  = "-pthread";
 static std::string DEFAULT_ASFLAGS  = "-fPIC";
 
diff --git a/ostd/path.hh b/ostd/path.hh
index 5f93485..4d63cd6 100644
--- a/ostd/path.hh
+++ b/ostd/path.hh
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <stack>
 #include <list>
 #include <utility>
+#include <memory>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <system_error>
@@ -724,6 +725,51 @@ private:
 };
 
 namespace detail {
+    struct OSTD_EXPORT dir_range_impl {
+        void open(path const &p);
+        void close() noexcept;
+        void read_next();
+
+        bool empty() const noexcept {
+            return p_current.path().empty();
+        }
+
+        directory_entry const &front() const noexcept {
+            return p_current;
+        }
+
+        ~dir_range_impl() {
+            close();
+        }
+
+        directory_entry p_current{};
+        path p_dir{};
+        void *p_handle = nullptr;
+    };
+
+    struct OSTD_EXPORT rdir_range_impl {
+        using hstack = std::stack<void *, std::list<void *>>;
+
+        void open(path const &p);
+        void close() noexcept;
+        void read_next();
+
+        bool empty() const noexcept {
+            return p_current.path().empty();
+        }
+
+        directory_entry const &front() const noexcept {
+            return p_current;
+        }
+
+        ~rdir_range_impl() {
+            close();
+        }
+
+        directory_entry p_current{};
+        path p_dir{};
+        hstack p_handles{};
+    };
 }
 
 struct directory_range: input_range<directory_range> {
@@ -733,47 +779,26 @@ struct directory_range: input_range<directory_range> {
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 
     directory_range() = delete;
-    directory_range(path const &p) {
-        open(p);
-    }
-
-    directory_range(directory_range const &r):
-        p_current(r.p_current), p_dir(r.p_dir),
-        p_handle(r.p_handle), p_owned(false)
-    {}
-
-    ~directory_range() {
-        close();
-    }
-
-    directory_range &operator=(directory_range const &r) noexcept {
-        close();
-        p_handle = r.p_handle;
-        p_owned = false;
-        return *this;
+    directory_range(path const &p):
+        p_impl{std::make_shared<detail::dir_range_impl>()}
+    {
+        p_impl->open(p);
     }
 
     bool empty() const noexcept {
-        return p_current.path().empty();
+        return p_impl->empty();
     }
 
     void pop_front() {
-        read_next();
+        p_impl->read_next();
     }
 
     reference front() const noexcept {
-        return p_current;
+        return p_impl->front();
     }
 
 private:
-    OSTD_EXPORT void open(path const &p);
-    OSTD_EXPORT void close() noexcept;
-    OSTD_EXPORT void read_next();
-
-    directory_entry p_current{};
-    path p_dir{};
-    void *p_handle = nullptr;
-    bool p_owned = false;
+    std::shared_ptr<detail::dir_range_impl> p_impl;
 };
 
 struct recursive_directory_range: input_range<recursive_directory_range> {
@@ -783,52 +808,26 @@ struct recursive_directory_range: input_range<recursive_directory_range> {
     using size_type = std::size_t;
 
     recursive_directory_range() = delete;
-    recursive_directory_range(path const &p) {
-        open(p);
-    }
-
-    recursive_directory_range(recursive_directory_range const &r):
-        p_current(r.p_current), p_dir(r.p_dir),
-        p_stack(r.p_stack), p_owned(false)
-    {}
-
-    ~recursive_directory_range() {
-        close();
-    }
-
-    recursive_directory_range &operator=(
-        recursive_directory_range const &r
-    ) noexcept {
-        close();
-        p_stack = r.p_stack;
-        p_owned = false;
-        return *this;
+    recursive_directory_range(path const &p):
+        p_impl{std::make_shared<detail::rdir_range_impl>()}
+    {
+        p_impl->open(p);
     }
 
     bool empty() const noexcept {
-        return p_current.path().empty();
+        return p_impl->empty();
     }
 
     void pop_front() {
-        read_next();
+        p_impl->read_next();
     }
 
     reference front() const noexcept {
-        return p_current;
+        return p_impl->front();
     }
 
 private:
-    using hstack = std::stack<void *, std::list<void *>>;
-
-    OSTD_EXPORT void open(path const &p);
-    OSTD_EXPORT void close() noexcept;
-    OSTD_EXPORT void read_next();
-
-    directory_entry p_current{};
-    path p_dir{};
-    hstack p_handles{};
-    hstack *p_stack = nullptr;
-    bool p_owned = false;
+    std::shared_ptr<detail::rdir_range_impl> p_impl;
 };
 
 OSTD_EXPORT path cwd();
diff --git a/src/posix/path.cc b/src/posix/path.cc
index e0d43c7..810b7c5 100644
--- a/src/posix/path.cc
+++ b/src/posix/path.cc
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 namespace ostd {
 namespace fs {
+namespace detail {
 
 static void dir_read_next(DIR *dh, directory_entry &cur, path const &base) {
     struct dirent d;
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ static void dir_read_next(DIR *dh, directory_entry &cur, path const &base) {
 
 /* dir range */
 
-OSTD_EXPORT void directory_range::open(path const &p) {
+OSTD_EXPORT void dir_range_impl::open(path const &p) {
     DIR *d = opendir(p.string().data());
     if (!d) {
         /* FIXME: throw */
@@ -45,50 +46,39 @@ OSTD_EXPORT void directory_range::open(path const &p) {
     }
     p_dir = p;
     p_handle = d;
-    p_owned = true;
     read_next();
 }
 
-OSTD_EXPORT void directory_range::close() noexcept {
-    if (!p_owned) {
-        return;
-    }
+OSTD_EXPORT void dir_range_impl::close() noexcept {
     closedir(static_cast<DIR *>(p_handle));
-    p_owned = false;
 }
 
-OSTD_EXPORT void directory_range::read_next() {
+OSTD_EXPORT void dir_range_impl::read_next() {
     dir_read_next(static_cast<DIR *>(p_handle), p_current, p_dir);
 }
 
 /* recursive dir range */
 
-OSTD_EXPORT void recursive_directory_range::open(path const &p) {
+OSTD_EXPORT void rdir_range_impl::open(path const &p) {
     DIR *d = opendir(p.string().data());
     if (!d) {
         /* FIXME: throw */
         abort();
     }
     p_dir = p;
-    p_stack = &p_handles;
-    p_stack->push(d);
-    p_owned = true;
+    p_handles.push(d);
     read_next();
 }
 
-OSTD_EXPORT void recursive_directory_range::close() noexcept {
-    if (!p_owned) {
-        return;
-    }
+OSTD_EXPORT void rdir_range_impl::close() noexcept {
     while (!p_handles.empty()) {
         closedir(static_cast<DIR *>(p_handles.top()));
         p_handles.pop();
     }
-    p_owned = false;
 }
 
-OSTD_EXPORT void recursive_directory_range::read_next() {
-    if (p_stack->empty()) {
+OSTD_EXPORT void rdir_range_impl::read_next() {
+    if (p_handles.empty()) {
         return;
     }
     struct stat sb;
@@ -106,7 +96,7 @@ OSTD_EXPORT void recursive_directory_range::read_next() {
         dir_read_next(nd, curd, based);
         if (!curd.path().empty()) {
             p_dir = based;
-            p_stack->push(nd);
+            p_handles.push(nd);
             p_current = curd;
             return;
         } else {
@@ -114,20 +104,21 @@ OSTD_EXPORT void recursive_directory_range::read_next() {
         }
     }
     /* didn't recurse into a directory, go to next file */
-    dir_read_next(static_cast<DIR *>(p_stack->top()), p_current, p_dir);
+    dir_read_next(static_cast<DIR *>(p_handles.top()), p_current, p_dir);
     /* end of dir, pop while at it */
     if (p_current.path().empty()) {
-        closedir(static_cast<DIR *>(p_stack->top()));
-        p_stack->pop();
-        if (!p_stack->empty()) {
+        closedir(static_cast<DIR *>(p_handles.top()));
+        p_handles.pop();
+        if (!p_handles.empty()) {
             /* got back to another dir, read next so it's valid */
             p_dir.remove_name();
-            dir_read_next(static_cast<DIR *>(p_stack->top()), p_current, p_dir);
+            dir_read_next(static_cast<DIR *>(p_handles.top()), p_current, p_dir);
         } else {
             p_current.clear();
         }
     }
 }
 
+} /* namespace detail */
 } /* namesapce fs */
 } /* namespace ostd */